سِیمیَائیّة العنوان في دیوان «نُقُوش عَلَی جِذْعِ نَخْلَةٍ» لیحیی السّماوي

 The title has received the attention of semioticians in modern linguistic studies, as it carries the most intense linguistic significance that contains the content of the text, and as it is also the first sign on the recipient's path, and a semiotic key that summarizes the structure and essence of the text in a word or a few words, and it is a semiotic sign that plays a distinct and effective role in communicating with the text; because it carries various values ​​and performs suggestive functions that suggest the poet’s intention, the recipient must first understand the title in order to be able to understand the text, as it is an introduction, preface, or semantic prelude to entering the text. The connection between the title and the text appears in one of the three meanings: extension, regression, and alienation. Based on this rule, In this study, we tried to answer the original question: What is the relationship between the subtitles and the original title with the content of the poetic texts Semiotics of the title in the Diwan “Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh” by Yahya al-Samawi according to the theory of “Ferdinand de Saussure”? To clarify the most important functions of the title and the levels of semiotics in the collection, within the scope of the relationship between the signifier and the signified, using the descriptive-analytical approach to clarify the relationship between the titles and the text. Some results indicate that the title “Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh” is based on relationships and connections that suggest an embrace and connection between the texts and the intentionally chosen title. The poet focused most of his attention in determining the title on a formally alternating unity and series. He also sought to take into account this consistency with his texts, both in terms of content and meaning. The signifier and the signified participated in poetic methods and styles with aesthetic fertility, not only in their linguistic systems, but also in their evasive narrative in disseminating ideas and contents with loads laden with positions that embody the poet’s feelings and perceptions, including their dualities and linguistic paradoxes. Also The poet’s perceptions through the structure of the title in terms of composition, its significance in terms of suggestion and purpose, and its function in terms of influencing the recipient in delivering the literary and awareness message.
Keywords: semiotics, function, relationship, title, Yahya al-Samawi, Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh.
Introduction
The title is the basic and main part of the text, and it is a semiotic system, and its role is generally to distinguish objects, specify and limit them, and indicate the spatial or semantic space in which they are found, or it refers to a specific thing. The strategy of the title is prominent in the field of writing, reading, and generally receiving: since returning to some aspects of traditional titles and their concepts and dimensions, by working on some textual models at the level of these approaches, is a prominent goal. The title and the text are two elements that indicate each other, so it is appropriate for the title to be placed parallel to the text in terms of strength and consideration and to indicate it. In contemporary literary works, the title and everything surrounding the text are an essential and fundamental part of the form of the work of art. It is also considered an important threshold. Since it represents the sign in a book or collection of poems, this is the semiotic system that contains the most semantic symbols and forces the researcher to decipher their codes and symbols. Moreover, semiotics considers the literary text - above all - as a composite structure of linguistic signs and formal container, and this structure is at the same time a signifier, as if the sentence is born in its combination with new significations that arise from the harmony and proportion in structure and meaning.
Materials & Methods
In this study, an attempt was made to address the main question, namely, "What is the relationship between subtitles and the main title and the content of the poetic texts of the poetry collection "Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh" by Yahya al-Samawi?" In order to explain the most important function of the title and its semiotic levels in the aforementioned poetry collection through a descriptive-analytical approach in order to clarify the relationship between the title and the text. To achieve this goal, four poems were selected from this collection, which are: "okhrojoo men watani", "Asfan behem", "Badadan ala badaden", and "ya saberin aqdain ella bazatan".
Discussion and Result
A linguistic sign consists of a signifier, which is the phonetic or metaphorical image of a word, and a signified, which is the mental image of an external thing. This linguistic sign is linked only between the mental image of the "signified" and the sound or metaphorical image of the "signifier" and not between the thing, the referent, and the designation, or between the thing and the signifier directly. The structure of the title and its implications are considered a diagnostic process through which implications are revealed. The implications that arise from interconnected phrases indicating a similarity in the perception of the depth of a particular idea in the poet's soul for which a single expression was not sufficient, A subject that makes the poet repeat the problem because he relies on the principle of composition or the principle of relationships that refers us to a kind of correlation or semantic connection between signs. National implications are among the most obvious implications of the title, and the convergence of political content with patriotism is also observed in the title, which indicates the poet's concern with the issue of the homeland before and after the occupation. Al-Samawi's poetic language is full of sad words, wounds, and pain. Many factors have led to the abundance of such words in his poetry, the most important of which were: forced departure from his homeland, the occupation of his country and the massacres that occur there, The words of this poetic language are distributed in various ways in the poems so that their meaning can be heard in various voices. The poet ends the ode with its title to portray to the audience the intensity of the humiliation that he and his country endure. All the calamities and crises that the poet refers to indicate the painful reality that the poet experiences.
Conclusion
After examining the poetry collection "Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh" by the contemporary Iraqi poet Yahya Al-Samawi, with the aim of discovering the signs of the title and its implications and clarifying the hidden relationships between the title and the text, the following results were obtained:
-Yahya Al-Samawi, in his poetry collection titled "Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh" has deliberately chosen the title of the collection and the internal titles in a visual way that varies between clarity and ambiguity in showing the implications.
-He also drew on his poetic culture, in which human experiences are the focus of the title words, and on his grammatical culture, which is rich in the creative relationship between signifier and signified in the nominal structure or the movement of words in the sentence.
-The main title and internal titles of the collection were manifested at the level of structure, meaning, and function with a national tendency that depicts representative signs and colors that are combined with each other in a semiotic painting that can be analyzed and interpreted through semiotics, including the odes " okhrojoo men watani" and the  "Badadan ala badaden".
-The poet Yahya Al-Samawi has been influenced by national motives in choosing titles, which are in line with his feelings and aspirations and are evident in his linguistic vocabulary. Sometimes it indicates sadness and sometimes it indicates happiness. Therefore, the poet's inner states, thoughts and his relationship with his homeland, people and nature can be revealed through the titles of his poetry collections.
-The titles of Samavi's poems often use artistic mechanisms that give artistic beauty to the text, such as synthetic transgression, visual transgression, and nominal sentences that dominate the titles, which indicate a state of stability and permanence in his human beliefs and feelings.
-Most of the titles of Yahya al-Samawi's poems have clear implications, and the poet repeats the words of the title in his poems as an integral part of the text of the poem, such as the odes " okhrojoo men watani" and "ya saberin aqdain ella bazatan". (O you who are patient, you are only bound by a few ties). The title, through repetition, is extended to parts of the text in an obvious, allusive, or indicative way, and the words of the text are an interpretation, explanation, and reference for the title.
-In most of the internal titles of the poetry collection "Nuqosh Ala jezea nakhleh", omission is dominant in comparison to other types of composite transgression and the use of recognition is dominant in comparison to other types of visual transgression, as can be seen in the poem "okhrojoo men watani".
-The poet focused more on assigning sub-titles to a unit and series of alternating forms, just as he tried to observe this proportion in many titles with the content and implications of the text.