تحليل مكونات اللغة المكتوبة لخطب نهج البلاغة (دراسة الخطبة الأولى نموذجا)

Abstract
One of the fields of research in texts is the investigation of whether they are spoken or written, which is of great importance in contemporary language studies. Saussure proposed the distinction between language and speech based on the distinction between language ability and action, and the category of writing was a consequence of that distinction. In the definition and usefulness of the distinction between speech and writing, it can be said that speech or orality is most related to a time, a place, an audience and a special situation; because writing is more stable than speech and speech is more dynamic than writing. Spoken and written texts have different linguistic components that show themselves in all the verbal and semantic areas of the language, including sounds, words, structures, clauses and structures.
Introduction
The verbal and semantic layer of the language in the oral and written language has rhetorical and stylistic implications, the structures governing them can be examined to determine the general nature of each of them based on what principles; Because the meaning, message, and rhetoric are different in speech and writing, and the structures and styles chosen for the (oral) word, naturally, may not be the same as the structures and styles chosen for the (written) book; Because the conditions, environment and context of the sentence require the use of verbal and semantic structures that are suitable for the situation and the environment. Therefore, the longer a text remains in the space in which it was formed, the more suitable the term oral or speech is, that is, it is a text that is dominated by temporal elements, spatial elements, the audience and the subject; Therefore, when its language has speech characteristics, it requires its own method of understanding and interpretation, and in order to read it, it is necessary to pay attention to what time and place it was said and who was the addressee. On the other hand, the same conditions and context may not exist during the production of written text, which means that the written text has become a text that has a large audience and can be read at different times and places.
Materials & methods
Speech and writing have their own components. Among the components of speech and writing, some are even common between the two. Written or spoken text in this review does not mean that it is commonly written or spoken, but it means how far the text has moved towards breaking from the clauses of time, place or the primary audience, which in this case, towards writing. It moves and to what extent it remains in the clause of time, place or the primary audience that tends to speech.
Discussion
This research seeks to present writing components such as the most inclusion of time elements, place, special audience, subject and situation, pronouns of absence, referencing speech to extratextual evidence, multiplicity of functions of explicit structures, descriptive and defining structures and styles, preaching expressive actions for better understanding. It is a text that is necessary for its accurate understanding to be familiar with the language of the text in terms of speaking or writing, also separating the two concepts of "sermon" and "speech" in this text is one of the main goals, that is, sermon (equivalent to writing) and speech (equivalent to speech) ) is. In other words, some sermons have a written form and some of them have an oral form, that is, a part of the sermons in which the least elements of time, place and special situation have occurred, as "sermon" and another category of sermons that have the most The entry of the mentioned elements happened in it, they are referred to as "speech" in this text; Therefore, the conceptualization of "sermon" and "sermon" is done in the present research. Another goal is to analyze the written component of the first sermon of Nahj al-Balagha, the style of using verbal and semantic linguistic elements in it, and to introduce another manifestation of the linguistic rhetoric of Nahj al-Balagha that exists in its written language in order to predict a theory or a method that shows better understanding. How is the structure and content of the sermons possible so that an appropriate interpretation method can be adopted.
Result
The result shows that according to the function and the presence of the most written components in the first sermon of Nahj al-Balagha, the title "Sermon" can be conceptualized and applied to the first sermon as opposed to "Khataba" which is more compatible with spoken language. The use of this title is because it was said that "speech" can also be conceptualized with the largest inclusion of spoken language components in the sermon of Nahj al-Balagha in contrast to its written language; Also, in this research, it was found that one of the foundations of a better understanding of the text is actually an accurate understanding of its language in terms of speaking or writing, and the result is also telling that two statuses and two languages ​​govern the part of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha, and the status and language of the first sermon, "Sermon" or "writing" is considered instead of "speech" or "speech" and this may be a speech or a speech in other sermons.