الأنساق الإيديولوجية في قصائد المقاومة للشاعر"سالم بن علي العويس" على ضوء النقد الثقافي

"Cultural criticism" examines the meanings that the writer conveys and conceals behind the text. One of the poets whose ideological patterns we found in their poems, especially those related to resistance, is the poet Salem bin Ali Al-Owais. He used multiple cultural patterns in his texts. We studied these patterns through cultural criticism and a descriptive-analytical approach. It became clear to us that the poet wrote these poems in support of and belief in resistance in difficult circumstances where calls for normalization with the Zionist entity were prevalent. The study of ideological patterns in the resistance poems of the poet Al-Owais revealed the unconscious rebellion hidden behind the poetic structure and unveiled what lies beyond the aesthetics of the text by delving behind the words. The implicit pattern did not adopt a single-meaning connotation but carried multiple patterns, including the pattern of heroism that showed positive values such as courage, nobility, and resistance, the pattern of marginalization that highlighted the exclusion of the Palestinian people from their rights, the pattern of threats and intimidation that expressed feelings of fear and intimidation in the hearts of enemies, and the pattern of humiliation and disgrace that reflected the Arab nations' betrayal towards the Palestinian cause.
Keywords:Cultural criticism, literary criticism, ideological patterns, resistance, Salem bin Ali Al-Owais.
Introduction
Cultural criticism is the analysis and study of cultural works from their intellectual, social, and political aspects. When it comes to resistance poetry, the ideological patterns in these poems can be analyzed in light of cultural criticism as follows:
 
- Political and social awareness: Resistance poems reflect the political and social awareness of the poet and the society they live in.
-Revolutionary values: Resistance poems emphasize revolutionary values and resistance against colonization and occupation.
-National belonging: Resistance poems express national belonging, love for the country, and sacrifice for it.
- Human rights: Resistance poems discuss human rights issues and condemn violations and injustices against individuals and nations.
 
Analyzing the ideological patterns in resistance poems through cultural criticism helps in understanding the poet's message and its impact on society and history.
 
Since cultural criticism is considered a postmodern wave that reveals various issues, we found it worthy of research and study. We decided to adopt it in our study of the poems of the poet Salem Bin Ali Al-Owais. After exploring Al-Owais's poetry, we found three resistance poems that are worth researching and studying due to their ideological patterns. We chose four research axes, namely the masculine pattern, the pattern of marginalization and exclusion, the pattern of humiliation and degradation, and the pattern of threats and intimidation.
Materials&Methods
In this study, we will examine the ideological patterns in the poems of resistance by poet Salem bin Ali Al-Owais, using a descriptive-analytical methodology.
 
Dicussion&result
Pattern Concept
The term "pattern" is used in public and private discourse, as well as in literary texts in literature, referring to what adheres to a single system. It may be synonymous with the meaning of structure or system. Arab researchers have strived to design their own concept of patterns, and we find that the definitions may not align with this field. The concept of structure can encompass the interpretation of the pattern of literary discourse, with all its formal and aesthetic characteristics.
 
Ideology Concept
Many researchers and scholars have differed in the semantic meaning of the concept of ideology, each defining it according to their own perspective. It has been utilized by thinkers, philosophers, and researchers in various fields of knowledge. Despite its widespread use, it has remained shrouded in mystery and instability. Abdullah Al-Arwi used the concept of ideologies in three meanings: first, what is reflected in the mind from the distorted conditions of reality under the influence of concepts used; second, an intellectual pattern aimed at concealing a reality that is difficult and sometimes impossible to analyze; third, a borrowed theory that has not yet fully materialized in the society that borrowed it.
 
Cultural Criticism
In literature, there are various types of criticism used to analyze and evaluate literary texts. Literary criticism differs fundamentally from cultural criticism, as cultural criticism is one of the postmodern waves that views texts equally without distinguishing between what is elite and what is popular.
 
Hence, the most important function of Arab cultural criticism is to uncover patterns, a task that is not easy. Therefore, cultural criticism needs a critic capable of delving beneath the superficial layer, which often carries an aesthetic aspect, to reach the implicit pattern.
 
Conclusion
- The implicit pattern in Al-Owais's ideological discourse exhibited flexibility, not adopting a single meaning but carrying multiple meanings due to its interaction with the Palestinian issue and its multifaceted dimensions.
- Ideological discourse may draw on religion, economy, history, or political organization, as seen in Al-Owais's texts related to resistance.
- Patterns present compelling ideas and link cultural patterns with ideology, shaping the intellectual perception of both the implicit and explicit aspects of the poem.
- The pattern of courage in Al-Owais's ideological discourse revealed a system of positive values produced by the culture of the Palestinian people, such as bravery, nobility, resistance, and sacrifice.
- The pattern of exclusion and marginalization in resistance poems expressed the exclusion and marginalization of the Palestinian people from their rights.
- The pattern of threat and intimidation in ideological discourse conveyed feelings of fear and intimidation among enemies through the use of warning connotations to act as a deterrent to the occupying entity in Jerusalem.
- The pattern of humiliation and disgrace in resistance poems expressed the poet's feelings of some Arab nations' betrayal towards the Palestinian cause and a sense of humiliation towards the enemy despite the heroism and illustrious history of the Arab people.
- The study of ideological patterns in Al-Owais's resistance poems revealed the unconsciousness of the text harboring a cultural rebellion contrary to the apparent text and poetic structure, unveiling what lies behind the aesthetics of the text through penetrating behind the words.