Humor and satire is one of the types of lyrical literature that has always been considered by writers and poets of formal and popular literature. Just as humor in valuing formal art in the guise of laughter pursues serious goals, it is also serious and ponderable in popular culture. As one of the examples of popular literature, Karimi's poems are a part of the valuable treasure of popular culture, which reflects the way of life, thought, beliefs and customs of the people of Azerbaijan. His poems have humorous content taken from the text of society, people, problems, and their hopes and dreams. Among the topics of satire in Karimi's poetry are absurdity, randy, inconsistency of parts, impersonation, humorous name, and humorous title. Among the functions of humor in this type of literature, the function of entertainment, critical feature, the spirit of reform, and promotion of moral and educational values can be pointed out. The upcoming research aims to explain the important characteristics of humor in Karimi's poems by using analytical-descriptive method.
Keywords: Popular literature, religious satire, political satire, social satire, Karimi Maraghe'i.
Introduction
Humor is not separate from other arts and parts of literature. You can find threads of humor and satire anywhere: in politics, sociology, subcultures, and popular culture. This is also inevitable in Iran, and this link cannot be separated.Popular literature is one of the important pillars of every nation's culture, and is an expression of its hopes and pains, and a complete mirror of its life and culture. One of the characteristics of popular poetry is the existence of soft and gentle humor that arises in a social context. Popular literature includes a collection of narrative and non-narrative, poetic and prose works, often oral, and differs in structure and content from traditional written Persian literature. Its audience is ordinary people. Popular literature, by distancing itself from the currents of formal literature and with people's belief and acceptance, has been able to preserve a rich and valuable treasure of our culture. Humor with its purposeful and serious characteristics can be seen in various forms of popular culture: in songs, tales, ritual performances, proverbs, and games.
Zolfaghari refers to humor in proverb stories and twenty styles of them, such as Taghbish, internal contradiction, amplification, double behaviors, sophistry, and revenge. In his view, humor is the spirit of all popular stories. One of the reasons for the continuity and interest of people in popular literature is the sharp, frank, and eloquent humor in them. Often these humors were made by people who did not have the ability to express facts under repression or in closed societies.
Materials & Methods
The present research was conducted using the analytical-descriptive method. The data analysis was formed on the basis of sociology in the field of literature. The research population includes the humorous poems of Mirza Hussein Karimi Maraghe'i in the collection "Rangarang" (Colorful). The research seeks to clarify and identify the function of the art of humor in Karimi's poetry.
Discussion & Result
Humor is a type of satire, and the difference between it and satire is that it does not contain the sharpness, sarcasm, and frankness of satire. In addition, humor usually puts forward reformist and social goals. There is a difference between humor, comedy, and jesting, as in comedy the subject is presented for the sake of laughter, but in humor, laughter is for mockery, meaning it is a means and not an end. Creating a humorous work requires certain methods to show the humorous atmosphere in its context. These methods can appear on the vertical or horizontal axis or both, and be linguistic and formal or inner and semantic. The more diverse the humor techniques, the more attractive the work. Factors such as simplicity and comprehensibility of humor, being concrete and not abstract, increasing criticizability, and indirect expression and releasing negative energies through laughter resulting from humor, can be considered among the secrets of humor's attractiveness, power, and distinction. Generally, today's literature experts look at humor from two perspectives: The first is the perspective of social criticism, and the other type is the aesthetic view of humor, which focuses on its effect on the artistic dimensions of the work. Colloquial language, popular culture, and street and market terms are a strong support for writing humor. Perhaps an important part of popular humor can be sought in funny or laughter-inducing situations in people's lives and their social reality.Mirza Hussein Karimi Maraghe'i, in addition to composing ritual poems, due to his love for humor, chose the path of humor for his poems; because he well understood that only through
Conclusion
It can be said that humor has turned into a social phenomenon. The basic characteristic of a social phenomenon is that it affects mutual relations within society. Humor as an artistic method with its precise characteristics possesses this characteristic. Through humor, people's awareness of society's issues and phenomena can be raised, and their degree of alertness increased.Knowing the humor writer and the audience, social events, the political climate at the peak and decline of humor, the structure of the humorous text, and the form of its presentation are all influential. The more the knowledge of the humor writer and the audience, the more the growth of humor linguistically, literarily, and intellectually. Also, political and social stability, and a political atmosphere that is neither completely open nor completely closed, helps this growth and transcendence.One of Karimi's formal goals of humor is to make the audience laugh and spend free time. Laughter acts as a defense mechanism against problems, and perhaps is a main goal for alleviating the difficulties of economic hardships. In reality, even in the poet's serious humors, the dose of laughter has caused an exceptional effect. Since Karimi's poems are within the framework of popular literature, people in the streets and alleys of Azerbaijan read this type of his poems without censorship, while the poet himself printed them in his collection with censorship and points (i.e., deleting some words), and this indicates the depth of the influence of his poems and humors among the masses.The other issue worthy of attention in his humors is the sharpness and intelligence of his mind in depicting and inventing content, which stems from his knowledge of the history, culture, and literature of the Turkish-Azerbaijani society in the past and present.