This study analyzes the critical discourse of the novel "Jumana" and the epic "Al-Nar wal-Tin" by Ahmed Al-Hamdan based on Norman Fairclough's three-level model (al-Wasaf, al-Tafsir, explanation). The aim of this study, through the descriptive-analytical approach and the use of the theoretical framework of Fairclough, is to answer this question: How do the linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms in this novel reproduce or challenge the prevailing social ideologies? The results revealed that the frequent use of words such as "laws", "asham", "justice" and "oppression" reflects the constant conflict between good and evil in the writer's vision of the world. And at the level of interpretation, the theme of character representation analysis and rhetorical actions with emphasis on the interaction of the Qur'anic text and popular beliefs. Characters such as "Mitham" (the noble thief) and "Tagheen" (the code of tyranny) reflect the moral contradictions of the community and the anti-God resistance. At the level of explanation, it becomes clear that the rhetoric is in the reproduction or resistance against patriarchal and classist ideologies and racial discrimination. The results of the study indicate that the novel "Jumana" works, through the use of rhetorical strategies, as a mirror to the social reality, and to raise the reader's critical awareness towards social inequality. Thanks to the dialectic of sovereignty and resistance, this novel not only reflects social contradictions, but also turns into a speech act with the aim of revealing the mechanisms of power and ideology.

Keywords: Arabic literature, al-Sama't al-Khattab, Norman Fairclough, "Jumana" novel.

Introduction:
Discourse analysis is a methodology based on the study of the language we use to communicate, persuade, and argue to influence others. The aim of discourse analysis is to uncover the deeper meanings of the text and provide the most accurate semantic reading. However, we are certain from the outset that this reading will not be definitive, as it leads us to other readings governed by the circumstances of the initial discourse, as well as the circumstances of the reading itself. Therefore, discourse analysis becomes a mechanism that transcends the author's intentions. To delve into the text's depths and uncover its meaning, which the author may have omitted or not even considered—for he did not say it, but the text did—because severing the link between the text and the author achieves the text's literariness, which the Formalists and Structuralists considered the ultimate goal of the literary text. This literariness stems from its openness to multiple interpretations that determine the text's future and its life, which depends on its capacity to accept reinterpretation.

Materials & Methods:

This research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. As its name suggests, this approach combines two fundamental scientific methods: the analytical and the descriptive. The descriptive method serves as the foundation for studying the phenomenon, while the analytical method assists in understanding, analyzing, and finding successful solutions, thus contributing to the success of the research process.
This research, based on this approach, begins with a literature review. A comprehensive review of the literature related to the analysis of its concepts was conducted, and the fundamental theoretical concepts relevant to the research were identified and explained.

Discussion & Result:
This study arrived at a set of important findings that summarize the answers to the research questions and confirm the initial hypotheses. The following are the most prominent findings according to Fairclough's theory:

The novel "Jumana" is not merely a narrative of dramatic events, but rather a critical discourse that exposes the ills of society and poses existential questions about justice, freedom, and human dignity. Through the analysis of cultural and social elements, the study was able to reveal how literature can be employed as a tool for understanding and changing reality, thus confirming that the Arabic novel can be an effective means of proposing ethical and social solutions.

The role of the novel in shaping critical awareness and proposing solutions:
The novel contributed to revealing social contradictions by presenting complex characters, such as:
- Maitham: The one who steals, but raises the slogan, “We do not steal from the poor, and we do not attack their honor.”
- Sheikh Hammam: who challenges the class system but falls victim to it.
The novel presented “a scathing criticism of oppressive regimes,” whether political (tyrants) or social (village customs), which motivates the reader to reject these phenomena.
The novel suggested indirect moral solutions, such as:
- Human solidarity (Maytham defends the girl despite his disability).
- Moral strength (refusal to submit to injustice even under threat).
- Empathy (as in Sheikh Hammam’s dialogue with the kidnapped girl).

Conclusion:
The results reveal that the repeated use of words such as “thieves,” “symptoms,” “justice,” and “injustice” reflects the constant conflict between good and evil in the writer’s view of the world. At the level of interpretation, the representation of characters and rhetorical acts was analyzed with a focus on the Qur’anic textual interplay and popular beliefs. Characters such as “Maytham” (the noble thief) and “Tagheen” (a symbol of tyranny) reflect society’s moral contradictions and resistance against domination. At the level of explanation, the role of discourse in reproduction or resistance against patriarchal, classist, and racial discrimination ideologies becomes clear. The results of the study indicate that the novel “Jumana” works, by employing rhetorical strategies, as a mirror of social reality, and raises the reader’s critical awareness of social inequality. Thanks to the dialectic of domination and resistance, this novel not only reflects social contradictions, but also turns into a rhetorical act with the aim of revealing the mechanisms of power and ideology.