آفاق الحضارة الاسلامية

آفاق الحضارة الاسلامية

Representation of Democracy and Criticism of the Ruling Ideology in the Divan "The Epic of Taktak" by Yahya Samawi According to Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Ahmad Arefi 1
Zahra Nasri 2
Nader Behmaram 3
1 PhD of Arabic Language and Literature, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD of Arabic Language and Literature, Arak University,rak, Iran.
3 Master of Arabic Language and Literature, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
10.30465/afg.2026.52584.2207
Abstract
Discourse analysis reveals the speaker's ideology through the study of language. In critical discourse analysis, Fairclough combined textual analysis with discourse analysis and sociocultural conditions. His theory has three stages: Description: focuses on linguistic features that are consistent with the speaker's ideology. Interpretation: focuses on interpreting the relationship between text and interaction with regard to intertextuality and the analyst's mental backgrounds. Explanation: focuses on explaining the relationship between discourse and society based on power. The "Epic of Al-Toktok" examines the issue of poverty, oppression, and dictatorship that arose as a result of the social and political conditions prevailing in Iraq and criticizes the tyranny of the government. This ideological research, based on Fairclough's discourse analysis "The Epic of the Al-Toktok" in a descriptive-analytical manner. An examination of the level of description in the poem "The Epic of Al-Toktok" shows that various styles such as the style of contradiction and the repetition of commands and prohibitions have been used to show the oppression, tyranny, and dictatorship of the ruling class that always commands and prohibits the Iraqi people in accordance with the author's ideology. The style of the call has been used to lament the severity of sorrows, calamities, humiliation, oppression, displacement, class differences, and a call for unity. The poet, due to common suffering, moves the hearts of Iraqis and calls them to unite, resist, and revolutionize against tyranny in order to achieve a prosperous life. In the interpretation stage, the poet describes the prevailing atmosphere through discourse appropriate to the society and its conditions. At the level of explanation, he explains that the government is an effective factor in the formation of the dominant discourse based on the conditions in which the poet is forced to apply his original discourse in the poem "The Epic of Al-Toktok". The poet tries to change the prevailing ideology with a discursive language that, through singular words and combinations, reveals a new ideology that is in conflict with the tyranny of the government.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Norman Fairclough, Yahya Samavi, Ideology, Democracy
Introduction
Discourse analysis reveals the speaker's ideology through the study of language. In critical discourse analysis, Fairclough combined textual analysis with discourse analysis and sociocultural conditions. His theory has three stages: Description: focuses on linguistic features that are consistent with the speaker's ideology. Interpretation: focuses on interpreting the relationship between text and interaction with regard to intertextuality and the analyst's mental backgrounds. Explanation: focuses on explaining the relationship between discourse and society based on power. Discourse analysis aims to uncover the speaker's ideology through the study of language, regardless of non-cultural, social, and political issues. Fairclough proposed three stages in his critical discourse analysis: description, interpretation, and clarification, combining textual analysis with discourse analysis and social, political, and cultural contexts. Yahya Al-Samawi is a unique contemporary poet from Iraq. He has dedicated his poetry to serving Iraqi society. As for Yahya Al-Samawi's literary standing, it suffices to say that many critics and researchers have paid attention to his works, with studies of articles, letters, and dissertations being conducted on his works. He has published more than twenty collections of poetry. "The Epic Al-Tokotok " is Al-Samawi's poetry collection in which he explores Iraqi issues of poverty and governmental tyranny. The book includes more than eighty poetic and prose texts, all of which address the November 25 demonstrations, which called for a rejection of violence, a response to the people's demands, and an end to financial corruption. This is Al-Samawi's twenty-eighth collection. This humanitarian collection covers destruction, crises, economic problems, tyranny, injustice, the intransigence of rulers, and the displacement of Iraqis. . Among the questions we seek to answer in this research are:
1. What are the underlying ideologies in the collection "The Epic Al-Toktok" according to Fairclough's critical discourse analysis?
2. How does the ideology of the narriative discourse work with the prevailing ideology in society by supporting, changing, or reforming it?
3. What is the most prominent method in shaping the novel's main discourse according to Fairclough's critical discourse analysis?
Materials & Methods
The "Epic of Al-Toktok" examines the issue of poverty, oppression, and dictatorship that arose as a result of the social and political conditions prevailing in Iraq and criticizes the tyranny of the government. This ideological research, based on Fairclough's discourse analysis the "Epic of the Al-Toktok" in a descriptive-analytical manner.
Discution & Results
An examination of the level of description in the poem the "Epic of  the Al-Toktok" shows that various styles such as the style of contradiction and the repetition of commands and prohibitions have been used to show the oppression, tyranny, and dictatorship of the ruling class that always commands and prohibits the Iraqi people in accordance with the author's ideology. The style of the call has been used to lament the severity of sorrows, calamities, humiliation, oppression, displacement, class differences, and a call for unity. The poet, due to common suffering, moves the hearts of Iraqis and calls them to unite, resist, and revolutionize against tyranny in order to achieve a prosperous life. In the interpretation stage, the poet describes the prevailing atmosphere through discourse appropriate to the society and its conditions. At the level of explanation, he explains that the government is an effective factor in the formation of the dominant discourse based on the conditions in which the poet is forced to apply his original discourse in the poem the "Epic of the Al-Toktok". The poet tries to change the prevailing ideology with a discursive language that, through singular words and combinations, reveals a new ideology that is in conflict with the tyranny of the government.
Conclousion
The poet's experiences are a result of his worldview, knowledge, and beliefs. The homeland is one of the most important issues for poets of resistance, exile, and colonialism. Al-Samawi is considered a resistance poet and places the homeland at the center of his themes. At this level, the poet uses metaphor, antithesis, the vocative, the negative "la," and the imperative to create familiarity with the audience, with the aim of encouraging them to embrace a spirit of defiance and resistance against the tyrannical rulers in Iraq. Metaphor is a means of representing one aspect of experience through another. It encompasses literary metaphor and the conceptual system of the human mind. The metaphorical aspect of words is of particular importance in Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. He describes the problems of Iraqi society in a realistic style. The poet's purpose in using the simile is to denounce and defame unjust rulers, because the rulers appear to be righteous, but in reality, they wear masks of injustice. Thus, he calls on the people of Iraq to wake up and be vigilant. He says that the masks of the false rulers have fallen, and their false promises are no longer a savior. These promises have been broken by the people of Iraq. There are many phrases and sentences in "The Epic of the Al-Toktok" that directly and indirectly use Islamic themes, verses from the Quran, and proverbs. Overall, it can be said that Al-Samawi is one of the writers whose works dealt significantly with Islamic themes. He uses Abraha as an intertextual figure in "The Epic Al-Toktok" more than any other character, in keeping with his ideology of searching for unjust rulers, whom he compares to Abraha in their injustice. The prevailing ideology in society conflicts as a result of this dialectical relationship between language or discourse and society, allowing people to live a luxurious life free from injustice and tyranny. As for the imposition of authority, we can say that all the meanings in this collection are authoritarian. The poet uses authoritarian meanings to change, reform, and develop society. Authority in the epic's discourse is not a repressive type, but rather a generative authority that causes the emergence of a new ideology in society. We see that the epic seeks to change the balance of power in society. Discourse, society, and the speaker play a fundamental role in the emergence of a new ideology in society.
Keywords
Critical Discourse Analysis
Norman Fairclough
Yahya Samavi
Ideology
Democracy
Subjects

بازنمایی دموکراسی و نقد ایدئولوژی حاکم در دیوان «ملحمة التكتك» از یحیی سماوی طبق تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان  نورمن فركلاف

احمد عارفی[1]

*زهرا نصری[2]

نادر بهمرام[3]

چكیده

تحلیل گفتمان، ایدئولوژی گوینده را از خلال بررسی زبان آشكار می­كند. فركلاف در تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان، تحلیل متنی را با تحلیل خطابی و شرایط اجتماعی فرهنگی درآمیخت. نظریه او سه مرحله دارد: توصیف: بر ویژگی­های زبانی متناسب با ایدئولوژی گوینده تمركز دارد. تفسیر: بر تفسیر رابطه متن و كنش متقابل با توجه به  بینامتنیت و پیش­زمینه­های ذهنی تحلیلگر تمركز دارد. تبیین: بر شرح رابطه بین گفتمان و جامعه بر اساس قدرت تمركز دارد. دیوان «ملحمة التكتك» مسئله فقر، ستم و دیكتاتوری كه در پی شرایط اجتماعی و سیاسی حاكم بر عراق به وجود آمده را بررسی می­كند و به نقد استبداد حكومت می­پردازد. این پژوهش ایدئولوژی با تكیه بر تحلیل گفتمان فركلاف، دیوان «محلمة التكتك» را به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی واكاوی می­كند. بررسی سطح توصیف در دیوان «ملحمة التكتك» نشان می­دهد كه سبك­های مختلفی مانند سبك تضاد، تكرار، امر و نهی  برای نمایان كردن ظلم، ستم و دیكتاتوری حاكم كه همواره به امر و نهی هموطنان عراقی مردم هستند  متناسب با ایدئولوژی نویسنده به كار رفته است. سبك ندا برای تحسر بر شدت اندوه­ها، مصیبت­ها، حقارت، ظلم، آوارگی، اختلاف طبقاتی و دعوت به اتحاد به كار رفته است. شاعر به دلیل رنج­های مشترك، دل­های عراقی­ها را به حركت وا می­دارد و آنان را به اتحاد، مقاومت و انقلاب علیه استبداد دعوت می­كند تا به زندگی مرفه دست یابند. شاعر در مرحله تفسیر، فضای رایج را از طریق گفتمان متناسب را جامعه و شرایط آن توصیف می­كند. وی در سطح تبیین شرح می­دهد كه حكومت عوامل مؤثر در تشكیل­گیری گفتمان غالب مبتنی بر شرایطی به شمار می­آید كه شاعر ناچار به كاربست گفتمان اصلی خود در دیوان «ملحمة التكتك» است. شاعر تلاش می­كند ایدئولوژی رایج را با زبان گفتمانی تغییر دهد كه طریق واژگان مفرد و تركیب­های،ایدئولوژی­ جدیدی را نمایان می­كند كه در تعارض با استبداد حكومت است.

واژگان كلیدی: تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، نورمن فركلاف، یحیی سماوی، ایدئولوژی، دموکراسی

                                                                                                         

 

 

 


[1] دکتری زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایرانAhmad.arefi@yahoo.com

*[2] دکتری زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشگاه اراک،اراک، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) zahra.nahvi2014@gmail.com

[3] کارشناس ارشد زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان،تبریز، ایران. behmaramnader@yahoo.com

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آفاق الحضارة الاسلامية

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 22 April 2026

  • Receive Date 26 July 2025
  • Revise Date 30 January 2026
  • Accept Date 19 April 2026
  • Publish Date 22 April 2026